502 MODERN TURKEY

The news of the Turkish Revolution of 1908 came as a
most pleasant surprise to the Christian nations of the
world; but all too soon these nations were forced to real-
ize that they had been still again deceived by Turkish
guile, and that any real reform under Ottoman rule was
an impossibility.

The Eevolution was loudly proclaimed both in Turkey
and throughout the world, as being both non-racial and
non-religious. During the first part of the Revolution in
1908, the QoniTnHt.ee of Union and Progress was joined
by great numbers of Turks, Albanians, Bulgarians, Ar-
menians and Greeks.

Whether the Turkish leaders were honest in their atti-
tude at this time is a mooted question which, perhaps,
can never be answered. If, however, they were sincere
at this time in their protestations of belief in religious
and racial equality, this attitude was a mere passing and
abnormal phenomenon which soon disappeared under the
combined pressure of the influence of the natural charac-
teristics of the Turkish race and the exigencies of the
current situation in Turkish politics and Moslem religion.
One of the immediate causes of the Balkan wars was the
attempt to Turkify Albania and Macedonia. It was in
the period following the first Balkan "War that the ideas
of a Pan-Turanian movement began to supersede that of
a Pan-Islamic movement. While the former retains all
of the religious intolerance of the latter, it unites with it
a racial consciousness suggested by and modeled after

in the success of the work undertaken. There is nothing in history to
pla<je on the same high level of ideal purpose. It is necessary now for
the United States, in justice 'to its own citizens, to protect the ideals and
the property of those citizens, and there is no other way of doing it
except by directing the Turkish Government. Other nations, whether
friendly or not to the United States, know that the United States, as a
country, has practically nothing to gain from this. ... No one trusts
any concert of European Powers; and the grabbing of territory in Anatolia
by them individually is dangerous to the world, unjustified by racial
reasons and false to history.0—Sir W. M. Ramsay, International Review,
April, 1&19.—E. G. M.